Archive for the ‘Leadership’ Category

I was a busy boy on BarCampGhent.

After my presentation about Self-organizing Teams, I gave another presentation on the use of the Talking Stick.

I learned about the talking stick when reading “The seven habits of effective people” from Stephan R Covey.
It’s a book I give to a lot of people with who I worked with. I’m told it’s starts a little religiously (I did not even notice it…)and it takes a while to go through the first chapters, and after that you only get good idea’s. Talking Stick is one of them.

I use this techniques when I coach teams. This was my first presentation about it.

I used Pseudo-code in my slides to stick to give it a geeky touch for BarCamp.

If you want to learn more from Covey, check out the Belgium Training company

[slideshare id=326744&doc=bar-camp-gent-talking-stick-1206796157316912-4&w=425]

Tags van Technorati:,,Paircoaching,,

When creating teams,  motivating people is important. I think Intrinsic motivation (motivation coming from the inside) is much more important then external motivation.

IT people care a lot about their work. Hell, we create a lot of Holy war’s because we care so much.

This summer my 5 year old son  was learning to swim. He enjoyed the challenge. He wanted to tell people I can swim. He was proud of what he was doing.
He did not need me to motivate him (Not to say that a little encouragement did not help.)

Actually when I promised to buy him a pair of swimming glasses when he could swim he lost interest in learning to swim.

==> I killed the intrinsic motivation by offering external motivation.

Because that intrinsic motivation is so important with people, a big part of BootCamp (Now rebranded as Reboot) is focused on Personal alignment. When people know what they want and what their team mates want, creating a shared vision is easy.

And we all know that a team with a shared vision will be much more productive then a team without a vision or a team with a "management vision".

Mike Griffith wrote about a free Mastering Personal Agility Webinar. I missed it, but I think I would have liked it.
I will definitely check out Christopher Avery’s  book: “Teamwork is an Individual Skill

So what motivates me? I enjoy creating a team, where people create great results. Seeing people go the extra mile because they want their project to succeed. That’s what I want from my work.
My personal alignment is Peace. I want to feel more peaceful. Creating such a team might give less peace (as we have to go through the Storming phase)

I don’t mind because the peace there is before such a team is not really peace for me, it feels more like cold war.

Now it’s up to you, what motivates you?

Update: if you are interested in Intrinsic motivation, you might also be interested  in my 7 tips to compensate a team

Jim Highsmith’s wrote about No More Self-Organizing Teams.

I think that a self-organizing team is great. I do find it a myth that self-organizing teams, are self formed.

They can emerge out of the blue, but most of the time they are created. Created by coaches that help such a team become self organizing.

I very much like the forming-storming-norming-performing model from Bruce Tuckman , used together with the Situational leadership from Ken Blanchard.

Every team goes through these four phases before it really is self-organizing (the perfoming phase) and everytime something changes to the team, they get thrown back to the forming phase. (Like when a new member is added, or a member is removed.)

The better the coach /leader adapts his leaderships style to the phase the team is in, the faster the team will move to the next phase.

(Once a team previously was in a higher stage, it will probably also go faster back to that stage.)

The same way parents have to adapt their leadership style with their children.

It would be great if my 2 year old would get dressed all alone, but he just is not able to do it.

My 5 year old, can get dressed all alone, but I still have to help him in staying focused and help him in deciding what is next to put on. Technically I don’t help him putting on his clothes, but I have to be there physically. Yesterday I went to the bathroom, thinking he does it all right, he will manage himself. Surprise surprise, when I came back he was playing with his toys. ..

The same thing happens with a team if you let them on their own to quickly.

So for me it is not one or the other.

We need self-organizing teams, but we need leaders that act more like coaches and help a team grow and move into the correct direction. The hard part is that IT-persons are used to solve problems, coaches they don’t solve a problem, they only point out that there is a problem.

I believe that the best IT coaches are still coming from an IT background (to understand the IT’ers in their team) but they need to be able to let go their desire to fix things. (Something I am still struggling with)

I presume it is the same problem that parents have when they have to let their children go. You see a team doing something destructive, but you know they will learn best when they figure it out themselves.

In our leadership game, one part of the exercise is done by a team without a leader.

I agree that the best result was made with such a team. But it was an
already existing team.   Most other times we did the exercise, the self-organizing team was kind of self-destructive in the sense that they would not stop. Not even when they have something beautiful.

Update: If you want learn how to create a self-organizing team, check out the McCarthy Reboot to Team 2.0 course. You can learn it on your own (to know how to create such a teams).  Or (even better) follow it with your team and end up with a result driven team that knows how to create great products on time every time.

Update2: Don’t forget to check out my 7 tips to compensate an agile (self-organizing) team

(tekst bij het leidersschapsspel)

Sommige projecten worden geleid, andere niet. Als er een leider is, zien we dat het leiderschap niet altijd op dezelfde manier ingevuld wordt. Er is zelfs heel veel verschil tussen de leiders. Spreken van verschillende leiderschapsstijlen is zelfs nog zwak uitgedrukt, want we zien dat er niet alleen verschil is tussen de manieren waarop de verschillende leiders de taken opnemen, maar dat verschillende leiders verschillende taken opnemen. Vandaar dat we hier enkele vragen stellen, en daarop antwoorden formuleren.

1. Waarom willen mensen een leider?

Een project realiseren met een leider heeft natuurlijk veel practische voordelen:

  1. De leider kan ervoor zorgen dat geen belangrijke taken vergeten geraken, en kan in het oog houden dat iedereen voortdurend een taak heeft. Hij kan ervoor zorgen dat de meeste resources ingezet worden voor de taken die meest tijd vragen. Hij kan ervoor zorgen dat ieder een taak krijgt die zo goed mogelijk aansluit bij zijn mogelijkheden. Kortom, hij kan zorgen voor de coördinatie.
  2. De leider kan zorgen dat de gehele groep een bepaalde richting uitgaat, waardoor de individuele leden niet voortdurend richtingen moeten kiezen, en niet voortdurend moeten in het oog houden of de anderen min of meer dezelfde richting volgen.
  3. De leider kan de dialoog tussen de leden bevorderen. Hij kan mensen naar elkaar laten luisteren die dat anders niet gemakkelijk zouden doen.
  4. De leider kan, meer algemeen gesproken, alle taken verzorgen of laten verzorgen die bij het beheer (management) horen: planning, toewijzen van verantwoordelijkheid, controleren en problemen oplossen, zorgen dat de mensen samenwerken, voor de goeie band met de omgeving zorgen, zorgen dat de contractuele verplichtingen nagekomen worden, enz.

Er is nog een heel ander aspect dat maakt dat er zoveel gekozen wordt voor het werken onder leiding: het psychologische aspect. Daar waar mensen heel graag veel macht hebben, staan ze er veel minder om te springen veel verantwoordelijkheid te krijgen. Het bekende experiment van Milgram liet dat op een heel verrassende wijze zien.

Milgram zag tot zijn verbazing dat bijna iedereen bereid was om dodelijke electrische schokken toe te dienen aan mensen, als er maar een leider was die zei: doe maar, ik neem er de verantwoordelijkheid voor op!! Dit experiment is honderden keren opnieuw gedaan met telkens hetzelfde resultaat. Het onderzoek wees ook uit dat dit geen sadisme was van deze mensen, maar het gewoon afstaan van verantwoordelijkheid. Ook veel andere experimenten en belevingen wijzen in die richting. Veel leiders komen ook tot hun verbazing (en dikwijls irritatie) tot die vaststelling. Op de internet encyclopedie wikipedia staat een vrij goede beschrijving van het experiment.

Ondergeschikten verwachten van een leider dat hij voor hen een goede beschermende vader of moeder is, en ze voelen zich niet veilig als er geen leider is. Dat zoeken naar geborgenheid bij een sterke leider wordt trouwens nog versterkt door het zoeken naar geborgenheid bij de groep, het willen “erbij horen”. In extreme mate zien we die psychologische tendensen bvb. in de Verenigde Staten, waar 9/11 een angst teweeggebracht heeft waarbij veel mensen bij leiders simplistische kant en klare antwoorden zoeken, al hun kritische eigenschappen graag opofferen om maar geen verantwoordelijkheid te moeten dragen en accepteren dat er ersatz vijanden aangevallen worden om maar in de illusie te kunnen blijven dat hun niets meer kan gebeuren. De illusie dat de grote sterke vader hen tegen alle kwaad zal kunnen beschermen.

Het zoeken naar bescherming is één sterke psychologische tendens die wij allen in ons dragen, de één natuurlijk veel meer dan de ander. Wel zijn er ook andere krachten in ons aanwezig, anders waren er geen leiders en geen mensen die liever zelfstandig werken. Daarover meer in een volgend punt.

Voorlopig zien we hier wel al de voordelen van de directieve of zelfs autoritaire leider: naast de practische voordelen van coördinatie en management geeft hij aan degenen die bescherming zoeken een veiligheidsgevoel waarvan de nood uit de kindertijd stamt en deze nood kan bij sommigen heel heftig zijn. Angstwekkende of onzekere situaties zullen dus maken dat directieve leiders veel succes hebben.

2. Waarom willen mensen geen leider?

Het is een ideaal dat telkens weer opnieuw opduikt: de groep waarin creativiteit, respect, zelfrealisatie, vrijheid, verantwoordelijkheid, vriendschap waarden zijn die heel hoog in het vaandel staan en waar er geen leider nodig is. De groep die zichzelf leidt. De groep waarin er slechts een gezonde concurrentie heerst en geen relatievernietigende machtsdrift.

2.1 Wat zijn de feitelijke voordelen van zo’n groep? Paradoxaal zijn veel fundamentele voordelen van een groep zonder leider bijproducten van zijn nadelen. Het vorige hoofdstuk gaf de voordelen van het werken met een leider: die zorgt voor de coördinatie, zorgt voor veiligheid, richting, neemt een groot stuk van de verantwoordelijkheid op zich. In een goed directief geleide groep hoeft niemand zich veel bezig te houden met wat iemand anders doet, hoe iemand anders zich voelt, of wat men doet goed is: de leiding en de structuur bekijkt dat wel allemaal. Je kunt perfect egoïstisch en onverantwoordelijk bezig zijn, en toch draait het geheel. Bij een groep zonder leider kan dit niet. Ofwel geraakt er niets gedaan, ofwel moet iedereen met iedereen rekening houden. De menselijke relaties zijn dus veel belangrijker. Als er een leider is, zijn sommige vergaderingen alleen maar nodig om aan iedereen duidelijk te maken wat de richtlijnen zijn. Soms zijn er wel echte overlegvergaderingen omdat de praktijk leert dat mensen veel actiever meewerken als ze meewerkten aan het tot stand komen van de beslissingen. Maar ook al zijn een aantal mensen tegen de beslissingen, ze kunnen gedwongen worden mee te werken. Zonder leider moet er overlegd worden tot iedereen bereid is mee te werken. Dat kan, zeker als de groep nog niet lang bestaat, zeer veel tijd nemen. Maar achteraf heerst er een dynamiek die zelden tot stand komt bij een geleide groep. Ook tijdens het werken zijn de groepspartners voortdurend verplicht met elkaar, en dus elkaars gevoelens, rekening te houden. Anders loopt het voortdurend mis. De groepscohesie wordt dus heel sterk in de hand gewerkt. De groepsdynamische krachten die in zo’n groep aan het werk zijn maken dat iedereen heel sterk met zijn menszijn, zijn verantwoordelijkheid geconfronteerd wordt. Wie dat niet zo direct aankan gaat weg of evolueert of gaat eraan kapot. Mensen die met anderen geen rekening houden krijgen heel veel groepsdruk om daarin te veranderen. Mensen die onvoldoende voor zichzelf zorgen krijgen evengoed het deksel op de neus. In groepen waarin de taken heel los van elkaar kunnen uitgevoerd worden, waarbij de mensen dus eigenlijk bijna onafhankelijk functioneren, is dat eigenlijk allemaal niet zo moeilijk. In groepen waarin veel overleg en op elkaar afstemmen nodig is, is die opgave dus niet simpel. Als het lukt is het voor iedereen een voortdurend verrijkende ervaring, te vergelijken met een boeiende partnerrelatie. Bovendien motiveren de groepsleden elkaar zodanig, dat ieder met plezier het beste uit zichzelf haalt.

2.2 Groepen waarvan de leden geregeld wisselen en die blijven voortbouwen aan een geheel komen dikwijls tot zeer complexe structuren die nooit door één persoon hadden kunnen gerealiseerd worden. Het bouwwerk van onze cultuur is zo’n complexe structuur die door een groep zonder leider gerealiseerd werd. Ook onze wetgeving is zo’n voorbeeld. Dat laatste is een zeer mooi voorbeeld: alle ethische wetten en principes die in de loop van de geschiedenis door filosofen voorgesteld werden, waren simplistisch en hielden met veel dagelijkse realiteiten geen rekening. Alleen het democratisch krachtenspel heeft ertoe geleid dat er een, zij het complexe, wetgeving kwam waarin zoveel mogelijk iedereen aan zijn trekken komt. Dat dit bouwwerk nog niet compleet is komt niet omdat er geen of geen goede leiding is, maar doordat veel partijen in dat proces nog geen zeggingskracht kregen, dat we dus nog niet tot echte democratie gekomen zijn, en zeker niet op wereldschaal.

In de natuur zijn er oneindig veel voorbeelden te vinden van structuren, bestaande uit zeer vele elementen, die zichzelf georganiseerd hebben. Sommigen (onder andere St. Kaufmann ,1995) denken dat dit (namelijk een soort zelforganiserende eigenschap van de natuur) de voornaamste drijvende kracht is van de evolutie, veeleer dan de “survival of the fittest”.

De verleiding is dan groot te denken dat dit ook bij groepen de mooiste resultaten geeft.

3. Hoe kunnen de voordelen van het werken zonder leider behouden blijven door een bepaalde manier van leidingeven?

De twee vorige hoofdstukken geven enkele voor- en nadelen aan van het werken met of zonder leider.

De vraag kan dan opkomen in welke mate een groepsleider de groep zodanig kan leiden dat sommige voordelen van een groep zonder leider aanwezig blijven. Of misschien zelfs versterkt worden? Een groep met een leider die alleen procesbevorderend werkt (en dus niet echt richtinggevend is) beantwoordt daar grotendeels aan.

Wat betekent dat eigenlijk, vooral procesbevorderend werken? Dat betekent dat de leider vooral zorgt dat de communicatie in de groep zo goed mogelijk verloopt, dat iedereen goed gemotiveerd is, dat de voorwaarden voor het werken zo goed mogelijk vervuld zijn, dat het contact met de buitenwereld zo vlot mogelijk verloopt. Zelf oplossingen zoeken voor problemen doet hij zeer weinig, hij probeert ervoor te zorgen dat de oplossingen altijd uit de groep komen.

We kijken eens wat de voor- en nadelen die we besproken hebben in de vorige twee punten, nu worden in een groep met zo’n leider.

  1. Wat de practische voordelen betreft die in hoofdstuk 1 geciteerd werden, die zijn, op punt 3 (“De leider bevordert de dialoog tussen de leden”) na, in veel mindere mate aanwezig bij de procesbegeleider. De leider die alleen het proces bevordert kan wel aandacht geven aan de managementtaken, maar dat is zeker niet zijn prioriteit. Als procesbevorderaar zal hij wel zorgen dat die taken uitgevoerd worden. Het voordeel blijft alleszins bestaan dat hij die taken in het oog houdt, en dat degene die het management doet niet alle macht krijgt, wat anders een soort pseudoleider-manager geeft die zich alleen met de structuur bezighoudt.
  2. Het bieden van veiligheid aan de mensen gebeurt aan de ene kant heel expliciet, de groepsleden kunnen sterk het gevoel krijgen dat de leider met hen begaan is en hen als mens ziet en waardeert. Aan de andere kant zijn de groepsleden die hun eigen verantwoordelijkheid willen ontlopen en liever niet voor keuzes geplaatst worden dikwijls zwaar ontgoocheld. De procesbevorderende leider die niet zelf de richting bepaalt confronteert door die houding heel sterk zijn medewerkers. Ook wat betreft de conflicten tussen groepsleden zal de procesbevorderende groepsleider niet veel zelf knopen doorhakken, maar door dialoog te eisen tussen zijn medewerkers ook eisen dat ze zelf leren overeenkomen. We zien hier een beetje hetzelfde fenomeen als in de groep zonder leider, maar toch komen conflicten in deze situatie meestal veel gemakkelijker tot een oplossing dan in een groep zonder leider. Want nu kan de procesbevorderende leider als moderator aanwezig zijn bij het gesprek tussen de partijen. In angstwekkende situaties zullen de groepsleden echter niet voor zo’n leider kiezen. Eigenlijk kiezen ze dan nog liever voor pseudo-veiligheid dan voor realistische vrees.
  3. Het komen tot heel complexe creatieve structuren die men bekomt in de groepen zonder leider kan evengoed bereikt worden in groepen met een procesbevorderende structuur. Immers, de leider bepaalt noch de richting, noch de oplossing. Die worden evengoed door overleg tussen de groepsleden bepaald als in de groep zonder leider. Maar nu is er toch een leider aanwezig die er kan op wijzen als de groepsleden teveel in verschillende richtingen aan het werken zijn. Er zal dus minder tijd verloren gaan in nutteloos werk. Het doel riskeert ook veel minder uit het oog verloren te worden dan in groepen zonder leider.

Procesbevorderend leiderschap leunt sterk aan bij wat men coachen noemt. Het trainen van een sportploeg is dan ook een mooi voorbeeld van het belang van het procesbevorderen. Een voetbalploeg als Griekenland wordt dan ook Olympisch kampioen, ongetwijfeld minder door het aanwezige individueel talent dan door de groepscohesie. En dat is dan weer o.a. een prestatie van de trainer. Een trainer kan toch ook sterk directief zijn en het spel tot in de puntjes proberen te bepalen. Maar dan krijg je een ploeg waaruit alle creativiteit gehaald werd, die nogal verdedigend en stereotiep speelt. Een ploeg begeleiden met veel creatieve balgoochelaars zoals Brazilië vraagt een keigoede procesbegeleider. Zie bvb. P. Winsemius (2005) over de befaamde voetballer (en trainer) Johan Cruijff en leiderschap.

4. Samenvattende beschouwingen en andere thema’s i.v.m. leiderschap.

Dit alles toont aan dat er veel mogelijkheden zijn om met het leidersschapsgegeven om te gaan.

Het is ook zo dat ieders persoonlijke geschiedenis een stuk bepaalt of, en op welke manier, hij graag leiding krijgt. Spijtig genoeg is het ook een psychologisch gegeven dat mensen die echt zeer moeilijk leiding kunnen aanvaarden ook zelf dikwijls geen verantwoordelijkheid (ook niet voor zichzelf) kunnen opnemen en dan ook moeilijk alleen kunnen werken of zelf leiding geven. Die mensen functioneren dan nogal dikwijls het best in de omgeving waartegen ze het meest protesteren: onder een autoritaire leider. Dan zijn ze wel kwaad (op de leider), maar minder angstig.

Die laatste beschouwing toont iets van de complexiteit van het leidersschapsprobleem.

Ondanks die complexiteit kunnen we een aantal vrij algemeen geldende regels stellen, die ook uit de voorgaande bladzijden bleken:

1. Verschillende situaties vereisen verschillende leidersschapsstijlen. Dikwijls wordt er dan ook gesproken over “Situationeel leidersschap”. Zie bvb. P. Hersey (2001).

2. Ook al wordt dat op veel plaatsen niet beseft, management (in het Nederlands “beheer”) is niet hetzelfde als leidinggeven, en management alleen is niet voldoende.

Management legt vooral de nadruk op planning, het creëren van stabiliteit en routine, het toewijzen van verantwoordelijkheid, het controleren en problemen oplossen, het zorgen voor meegaandheid, het benadrukken van contractuele verplichtingen, machtsbehoud, afstandelijkheid en rationaliteit van de manager, het reactief benaderen van de omgeving. Daar tegenover legt leiderschap meer nadruk op visie en missie, op het creëren van verandering en vernieuwing, op het motiveren en inspireren, op het creëren van betrokkenheid, op het stimuleren van extra inzet, op interesse in anderen en intuïtie daarin van de leider, op “empowerment” van de anderen, op proactieve houding en het scheppen van kansen en condities. Zie bvb. Muijen (2003) voor een vrij grondige bespreking van die verschillen.

Het rare is dat er niemand zou aan denken om een voetbalploeg alleen maar te managen, en dus zonder trainer te spelen, terwijl grote bedrijven precies wel in de illusie leven dat zij alleen managers nodig hebben. En natuurlijk is ook ouderschap een belangrijk geval van leiderschap: zou het goed voelen als je ouders je alleen gemanaged hadden?

3. Leiding geven op topniveau (directeur-generaal bvb.) is een heel andere situatie dan leiding geven als middenkader, en nog anders dan een project leiden. Op die drie niveaus zal de meest passende leidersschapsstijl dus meestal verschillend zijn.

Eigenlijk is er nog niets gezegd i.v.m. de volgende evidente vraag: “Wat is nu eigenlijk essentieel aan het leidinggeven, wanneer is iemand zich als leidinggevende aan het opstellen en wanneer als ondergeschikte?”. Of, concreter nog gesteld: “Waaraan kun je dat eigenlijk zien of iemand als leider aan het handelen is?”. Aanverwante vragen zijn: “Heb je macht nodig om te handelen vanuit de leidersschapspositie, wat is macht juist en welke soorten macht zijn er? “, en: “Heb je zoiets nodig als “innerlijke kracht” om leiding te geven, en waarom heb je dat nodig?” De bijhorende tekst “De roos van axen, toegepast op leiderschap” geeft, uitgaand van een model, antwoorden op deze vragen.

Referenties:

Hanoulle, Ignace (2004) De roos van axen, toegepast op leiderschap, cursustekst.

Hersey, Paul (2001). Situationeel leiderschap. Contact Amsterdam.

Kauffman, Stuart (1995). At home in the Universe Oxford University Press.

Milgram: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milgram_experiment .

Muijen, Prof. Jaap J. van (2003). Leidersschapsontwikkeling: het hanteren van paradoxen, uitgegeven door de universiteit Nyenrode: http://www.nyenrode.nl/download/lectures/jvmuijen.pdf

Winsemius, P. (2004). Je gaat het pas zien als je het doorhebt – over Cruijff en leiderschap. Balans.

I have an 11-month-old son (Bent), that learns how to walk.

When a child learns how to walk, it is one of the first times parents and children learn to let go.

Therefore, Bent has to let (the walls) go, and have trust it will work.

We as parents have to let go, trust him that it will work and be confident so he feels we trust him. (Kids listen a lot more to your body language. They are emotional very intelligent.)

Learning to let go and having trust is one of the hardest thing to do.

A few years ago, I went to an Outward-bound training as part of an “advanced training of leading groups”.

What stuck most with me, was the climbing of a pole (Pamper Pole). I am sure you have seen it on television. Climb the pole/tree and then stand on top of it.

I am afraid of heights, so I changed the challenge. I wanted to go to the top, do not climb on it, just let go and “fly“home. (Members of my team secured me.)

I found out that letting go was impossible for me. I always wanted to actively push myself away or take a step down. I could not just let my hands loose and go with the flow.

It was a very good experience to realize this happened in many things in my life.

Today I think I have less problems letting Joppe or Bent go and let them make their own mistakes. Even if this means they fall down. I know they learn from it.

Of course, the hard part in leading people or raising kids, is to know how much you can let go. People want to feel secure, just as Bent could get very afraid of swimming if I would throw him into the water and try to see if he can swim already.

For this security, kids need boundaries, so do people. The clearer the boundaries, the easier it is for people to experiment within the boundaries and to get confidence. I do not let Bent go to the stairs for learning how to walk. He knows this.

Giving people the support they need, so that they can let go is on the same level. The hard part here is to let them go and not rescue them. I am convinced that helping someone without that person asked for help, is rescuing and in most cases is really hurting the person. At least rescuing is taking away his responsibility and his power. When you do this, you take away a learning experience.

In fact, you are telling the person: “you can’t do this alone. You need me” You get the opposite effect.

When I let go too quickly, Bent falls down, he starts to cry. When I would ignore this and tell him he is a big boy, he will get very afraid. If I would pick him up and tell him I am here, tell him it is ok and that he should stop crying, I actually tell him; his emotions are not important. If the crash he made is not too bad, I tell him he did a good job and almost succeeded. I help him up, and make sure he can stand up now on his own (using a table or my legs) I try to tell him it is ok to cry. I know he did hurt himself. Therefore, it is ok to cry.

I also want to give him the courage to try again. I do not pick him up, just help him up. I only do this when he cries (asks for help). Again I do not want not rescue him, I want to support him. In fact, I get down myself and put myself at his level, so he can get up. I can still hug him.

It is very time consuming, but in the end it is rewarding.

I see many managers giving a task to someone without support, and when the person does not succeed, they try again, one more time and then the managers say/think: I will do it again myself that is a lot quicker then using X. He is not capable of doing it, or it is too time consuming.

I agree. It is time consuming. In my opinion, with the correct support and enough time, they will be able to do it (almost) alone. In the end, the manager wins time.

It is not about getting it done quickly; it is about getting the most done with the resources you have. The team members are part of the team. If you do not use them, you might just as well fire them.

It is like telling to a kid that walks to slow: “You walk to slow; I will walk you for the rest of your life.” Although many people will pick up their kids too long, nobody does this for the rest of their children’s life.

Of course, it all depends on the situation. When I am in a hurry, I will carry my kids as well.

This is what situational leadership is all about.

Last week I had to pick up Joppe from school and due to a miscommunication, I had to do this on foot. I realized it was an opportunity. Therefore, we went home by feet. I did not carry him, because I decided to take the time. It was a long walk for a 3 year old, especially after a long day at school. When we came home, he had more energy then days when I pick him up in my car. We accomplished something together and he felt my pride.

What about making mistakes and letting go too quickly?

I do make that mistake, so Bent falls. I support him and tell him it my fault. He might not understand my words, but he is getting the message. Do I feel guilty about it? No, I find it OK to make mistakes. That is also a message that I want to give my sons.

I might be doing this too quickly; because Joppe falls at places, we do not expect it. Is he a dangerous kid? I do not think so, because the dangerous things he does very carefully. He makes mistakes at easy things, not with dangerous actions. I guess he is too careless.

Even if we did make mistakes, I hope this will give my kids the courage to believe in themselves.

Update: a difference between parents and leaders, is that parents are considered to be with two and leaders do it alone. The leadership game I invented with my father, we lead as a duo. We have now changed the game to make the leaders work as a duo:

Leadership game: a pair coaching experience.

Technorati tags:   leadership

Some projects are guided, others are not. When there is a leader we may notice that there is quite a difference in leadership. We can even say there is a lot of difference between leaders. Even speaking of different styles of leadership is putting it mildly, not only do we notice a difference in the approach of fulfilling a task, but also that different leaders take on different tasks. That is why we ask here some questions, and try to formulate some answers.

  1. Why do people want a leader?
    To realize a project with a leader, has of course a lot of practical benefits.

  1. The leader can make sure that no important task will be overlooked, and can take care that everybody at all times has a task. He can make sure that most of the resources are put in for the tasks that need most time. He can make sure that everybody got a task that is most appropriate to his possibilities. In short, he can take care of the coordination.
  2. The leader can make sure that the whole team goes in one direction, so that individual members do not have to worry about a direction, and do not have to keep an eye on the others, to see if they keep more or less to the same direction.
  3. The leader can stimulate the dialogue between the team-members. He can make sure that people listen to each other, even if they wouldn’t do that easily otherwise.
  4. In general, the leader can take care of all the tasks that come under management, or make sure that these are taken care of: planning, distribution of responsibilities, controlling and solving problems, making sure that people work together, taking care of a good bond with the environment, making sure that contractual commitments are taken care of, etc.

There is altogether another aspect that influences the choice to work under leadership: the psychological aspect. Where people love to have a lot of power, there are a lot less people eager to take on a lot of responsibilities. The well-known Milgram experiment proved this in a rather surprising way. Milgram noticed, to his surprise, that almost everybody was willing to administrate deadly electrical shocks to people, when there was a leader saying: go on, I’ll take the responsibility! This experiment was repeated hundreds of time, with every time the same results. The research showed as well that it was no sadism on the part of these people, but only the refusal of responsibility. On the internet-encyclopedia Wikipedia one can find a reasonable good description of this experiment. Subordinates expect from their leader hat he acts as a good protecting father or mother, and do not feel safe without a leader. This looking for security from a strong leader is even strengthened by the seeking of security in a group, the wish to be “included”. In extreme cases we notice how these psychological tendencies – for instance in the USA where 9/11 created such a fear – make people look for simplistic ready answers from their leaders, sacrifice eagerly all their critical qualities, just to not have to bear responsibility, and make them accept that ersatz enemies are being attacked, just to be able to stay in the illusion that nothing like this will ever happen again. The illusion that big strong daddy will protect them from all evil.

Looking for protection is one strong tendency we all carry in us, in some people more than in others. There are other powers in us as well, there wouldn’t be any leaders otherwise, and no people preferring to work independently or self-employed.

More about that in a next item.

For the moment we notice here already the benefits of the directive or even authoritarian leader: besides the practical benefits of coordination and management, he is giving security to these looking for a sense of safety, the need thereof springing from childhood and this need can be very strong for some. Frightening or unsure situations will make the success of the directive leaders.

  1. Why do people refuse a leader?

It is an ideal that rises up again and again: the team wherein creativity, respect, self-realization, freedom, responsibility, friendship, are values that are held high, and where no leader is needed. The team that guides itself. The team wherein only a healthy competition lives and no relation-destroying passion for power.

2.1 What are the factual benefits of a team like that? It is a paradox that many of the fundamental benefits of a team without a leader are by-products of its disadvantages. The preceding chapter showed the advantages of working with a leader: taking care of the coordination, taking care of safety, direction, and taking care of a great deal of the responsibility. In a directive, well-guided team, nobody has to worry too much about the work of another team-member, about the feelings of another, or about the rightness of one’s own work: the management and the structure take care of all that. One can be working perfectly egoistical and irresponsible, and still, in the whole, everything works. In a group without a leader this is impossible. Or nothing gets ever done, or one has to count on everybody. Human relationships are far more important. If there is a leader, some meetings are only necessary to show the directives. Sometimes real consultative meetings are needed, since reality proves that people participate more actively when they participate in the decision-making. But even if some people are against the decisions, they can be forced to participate. Without a leader deliberation is needed until everybody agrees to participate. This can take a long time, especially when the group is relatively new. But thereafter there exists a dynamic one finds rarely in guided teams. During the work itself, the partners have to consider each other, also each others feelings. Otherwise everything will go constantly wrong. The cohesion of the team is very strongly strengthened. The forces of the group-dynamics working in a team like this make sure that everyone is strongly confronted with his own being, his own responsibilities. Whoever cannot take this leaves the team, or evolves, or breaks down. People, who do not consider the others, get a lot of pressure from the team to change that attitude. People, who don’t take care of themselves, also suffer. In teams where the tasks can be done independently, where people function independently, there are no significant problems. In teams where a lot of consultation and adjustment is needed, the task is not so simple. When it works, it proves an enriching experience for everybody, to compare with an interesting partner-relationship. And what is more, the members of the team are motivating each other, so that everybody gives the best of himself with pleasure.

2.2 Teams wherein the members change frequently, and stay on building on one whole, are quite often able to realize very complex structures, structures that would have been impossible to be realized by one person. The construction of our culture is such a complex structure, realized by a group without a leader. Our legislation is another example. This last one is a very good example: all the ethical laws and principles that were presented by philosophers in the course of history were simplistic and didn’t take in account the day to day realities. Only the democratic power-play made sure that a legislation – although complex – was made wherein as much as possible everybody is included. That this construction is not completed is not due to the lack of leadership, or to bad leadership, but due to the fact that many parties still have no say, that we have no real democracy yet, especially when seen on a world-scale.
In nature there is an endless series of examples of structures, made out of many different elements, which organize themselves. Some (f.i. Kaufmann, 1995) think that this (i.e. the self-organizing quality of nature) is the most important force of evolution, rather than the “survival of the fittest”.
It is very tempting to think that this also gives the best results in groups.

  1. How can the benefits of working without a leader be kept by a certain way of leadership?

Both preceding chapters showed the advantages and disadvantages of working with or without a leader.
The question can arise in how far a team-leader can guide his team in such a way that the benefits of a team without a leader can be kept. Or maybe even strengthened?

A team with a leader who works only to further the process (and is not directive) answers this for the greatest part. What does it mean, stimulating the process? It means that the leader especially takes care of the communication in the group, makes sure that everyone is motivated, that the conditions for working are optimal, and that the contacts with the outside world are going smoothly. Solving problems is not his main task, he tries to make sure that this is done by the team.

Let us look at how the advantages and disadvantages of the two preceding items are working in a group with such a leader.

  1. Concerning the practical benefits cited in chapter 1, these are, with the exception of item 3 (“The leader stimulates the dialogue between the team-members”) a lot less present with the process-coach. The leader who just stimulates the process can pay attention to the tasks of management, but it is not his priority. As process-coach he will take care that these tasks are done. The advantage of the leader keeping an eye on these tasks is kept in every way, and he has to keep an eye on the one doing the management, so he doesn’t get all the power, otherwise a pseudo-manager would rise up, concerning himself only with the structure.
  2. Giving security to people is on the one hand very explicit, the team-members can get a strong feeling that the leader cares about them and sees them and values them as human beings. On the other side, team-members who want to avoid their own responsibilities and rather avoid making choices are quite often heavily disappointed. The process-coaching leader, who does not point at the direction himself, confronts very strongly his co-workers with his attitude. Also, in conflicts between the team-members, the process-coaching leader will nut cut the knot himself, but will demand a dialogue between his co-workers, and demand that they learn to get on with each other by themselves. We notice here some of the same phenomena as seen in a group without a leader. But here the process-coaching leader can act as moderator in the talk between the parties. In frightening situations group-members will not choose for such a leader. Actually, they will choose rather for pseudo-safety than for a realistic fear.
  3. Realizing very complex, creative structures as made in groups without a leader, is also possible in teams with a process-stimulating structure. After all, the leader provides neither the direction nor the solution. These are provided through consultation by the group-members, as in a group without a leader. But since now there is a leader present, he can point out to his team-members when they are working too much in different directions. So less time will be lost in needless work. It is also less likely that the goal will be overlooked as is the case in groups without a leader.

Process-stimulating leadership is very much like coaching. The training of a sports-team is a nice example of the importance of stimulating the process. A football-team from Greece becomes then Olympic Champion, without a doubt less due to the present individual talent than to the cohesion of the team. And this again is an achievement of the trainer. A trainer can be very directive as well, and plan the game to the very last detail. But then you get a team from which all creativity is taken, that plays rather defensive and stereotypical. Coaching a team with a lot of ball-conjurers, like Brazil, asks for a very good process-coach. See f.i. P. Winsemius (2005) about the famous football-player (and trainer) Johann Cruyff and leadership.

4. Concluding considerations and other theme’s concerning leadership.

All this shows a lot of possibilities to work with the given of leadership.

Everybody’s own personal history determinates for a part, and in what manner, how they prefer a certain way of leadership. It is a pity that it is also a psychological given that people, who take being led very difficultly, also have problems with taking up responsibilities (even for themselves) and have trouble to work independently or take up leadership themselves. These people function at best in the environment that they protest again the hardest: under an authoritarian leader. Then they are angry with the leader, but less frightened.
This last consideration proves something of the complexity of the problem of leadership. Even considering this complexity it is possible to point out some general rules, as was showed in the preceding pages:

1. Different situations demand different styles of leadership. Often one speaks about situational leadership. See f.i. P. Hersey (2001)

2. Even if it is not always known, management is not the same as leadership, and management alone is not enough.
Management puts the accent on planning, on creating stability and routine, allocating responsibility, controlling and solving problems, taking care of compliancy, emphasizing the contractual commitments, keeping the power, distance and rationality of the manager, approaching the environment creatively. But leadership emphasize more vision and mission, creating change and renovation, motivation and inspiration, creating involvement, stimulating extra effort, interest in others and intuition thereof of the leader, empowerment of the others, a pro-active attitude and creating possibilities and conditions. See f.i. Muijen (2003) for a rather thorough exposé of these differences.
The strange thing is that no-one would consider only managing a football-team, or playing without a trainer, while big companies do live in the illusion that they only need managers. Of course, also parenthood is an important case of leadership: would it feel good if your parents only managed you?

3. To give leading on a top-scale (general manager f.i.) is totally different than leading on a middle-manager scale, and still different from leading a project. On these three scales the most adequate style of leadership will be mostly different.

Actually, as yet nothing is said about the most essential question: “What is actually essential to leadership, when is someone adopting the attitude of a leader, and when as a subordinate?” Or more concrete: “How can you notice if someone is acting as a leader?” Related questions are: “Do you need power to act from the position as a leader? What is power actually, and what kinds of power are there?” and: “Does one need something like ‘inner strength’ to be a leader, and why does one need it?” The text “The rose of Axes, applied to leadership” gives, based on a model, answers to these questions.
Ignace Hanoulle & Yves Hanoulle

References:

Hanoulle, Ignace (2004) The Rose of Axes applied to leadership course text.

Hersey, Paul (2001). Situational leadership. Contact Amsterdam.

Kauffman, Stuart (1995). At home in the Universe Oxford University Press.

Milgram: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milgram_experiment .

Muijen, Prof. Jaap J. van (2003). Leidersschapsontwikkeling: het hanteren van paradoxen, uitgegeven door de universiteit Nyenrode: http://www.nyenrode.nl/download/lectures/jvmuijen.pdf

Winsemius, P. (2004). Je gaat het pas zien als je het doorhebt – over Cruijff en leiderschap. Balans.

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De nederlandse versie : De roos van axen toegepast op leiderschap

There are different ways to stand in relation to others. One way of looking at it is the relation-rose or the rose of axes (F. Cuvelier). This relation-rose tries to be the expression of a snapshot of behavior in a relation to someone else, of a kind of an average behaviour in a relation during a certain time. One distinguishes six possible ways of behavior.

The Rose of Axes

In each of these kinds of behaviour the other partner in the relationship may react with behaviour from the same category or from one of the five other axes. The positions ‘to give’ and ‘to receive’ are complementary and easy to understand. One should take notice that there are many different things that can be given: products, care, elements of leading (for instance instructions), closeness, etc.
Receiving is totally different from taking: with receiving there is an active accepting of the giver in his act of giving.
To keep is the withholding of things that could be given, explicitly withholding in a situation where giving could be expected. It is the position of the arrogant employer who makes his subordinates beg for help, and who shields himself very much. It is a very safe position, but the subordinates miss contact.
Confronting can mean: punishment, wage cut, getting angry, giving criticism, etc.
Resistance is different and is connected with the position of the subordinate. It concerns refusing all help, shielding oneself, not observing directions, etc.
Explicitly protest against directions given by the boss is rather to be interpreted as confronting than as resistance. (Although not all authors would agree). An example: the employer demands that all phone-calls are answered by certain employees. When he is present the employees do it. When he is absent they don’t. When he demands an explanation, the employees answer: ‘Probably nobody was here’. This is the way of resistance. If someone would answer: ‘This is not our job’, than he himself is in the position of confronting.
To undergo: to let it be, to lose control over the situation, feeling guilty for not doing anything and still continuing to do nothing, being unable tot say yes or no to an offer, and then feeling sorry for not participating, etc. Here the resistance is not against the outside world, but happens inside the person, as an ongoing internal conflict that leads to depression.
We can see three zones in interaction in the relation-rose: in the zone of giving and receiving there is cooperation.
In the zone of confronting and resistance there is conflict.
And in the zone of keeping and undergoing the relation-partners live beside each other, almost without any contact. The axes giving, keeping and confronting are positions wherein mostly the leader moves. Facing it are three positions (receiving, undergoing, resisting), these are the positions of the subordinates.
Seen from this model, leadership is thus the movement in the positions giving, keeping and confronting. This looks simple, but it is not so simple for a leader to always stay in these positions. One needs two very important elements: power and inner strength.

1. POWER: if the one seeking leadership has no power the subordinates will not accept him as boss. To speak with the terms of the axes-rose: they will not accept that someone at all times stands above the power-line (the line between the three positions giving, keeping and confronting on the one side and receiving, undergoing and resisting on the other side). There are different kinds of power through which one is accepted as a leader.

- formal power: the power given by the system, by the organisation wherein the boss and the subordinates are placed. It is the power the boss gets from his superiors and from the social context.

- sanction-power: this is the power someone has through the possibility to sanction someone (positive or negative).

-  competence-power: is the power someone has when he is seen as competent for the task by the group of people which has to realise this task.

- information-power: is the power of the one who has a lot of information relevant to the task the group has to realise.

- referential-power: a boss has this kind of power when other people want to take example from him, want to be like him, want to be with him, etc. One says sometimes that someone like this has ‘charisma’.

Such power one has only in a certain area: thus an employer can have a lot of competence-power for nursing tasks, and none for psycho-social support-tasks. In the same way a boss gets only authority from his superiors on certain levels and his formal power on other levels is non-existent. Also the employer has only sanction-power in a certain area and in connection with a certain kind of work. And the same applies for information-power: everyone has only information on a certain level.
Concerning referential-power, it is less clear to prove that it applies only on a certain area.
A boss who gives leading for a task which is in the area where he has a lot of power is seldom under attack. Yet no leader is free from counter-reactions. Hence the second element, the inner strength, is needed to be a leader.

2. INNER STRENGTH: Even if the boss has enough power (a minimum of power is certainly necessary), he often gets opposition. In such a time he is very lonely. Even in times when he does not get opposition, he is in a very lonely, giving position. Hence the employer needs a lot of inner strength to be able to stay a leader. One could ask oneself: “Is it possible, when many subordinates protest against a boss, that he wins at the end? It is rather an unfair fight: one against many!” It may seem unlikely, but there is an important given in our culture that helps the boss: the subordinates are permitted to stand freely in the position ‘resist’, and this is very annoying for the employer, but in this position the employer still can make sure, although it is very difficult, that the task is realized. The employer does feel he is completely disapproved of and rejected, but if he has enough inner strength, and he can charge his batteries in time elsewhere, he can survive. But the subordinates can not be permitted to go above the authority-line themselves, for instance by attacking. It is indeed a cultural given that subordinates would not take this from each other. In other words, someone who attacks the leader takes a strong risk that everybody will turn against him. The underlying reason is that many people have a great need of a leader and feel unsafe when the position of the leader is under attack.

Technorati Tags: ,PairCoaching
Re-posting old post

It is official now. On the XP-day 2005 in Rotterdam I’m  doing (together with my father Ignace) our leadership game.
We are both very interested in leadership. We have created this game to let people feel 3 different ways a leader can influence his team.

More info can be found on http://www.xpday.net/

Update: We distributed a text on Leadership to the participants

Update 2: This game also got played at XPDay.fr (Paris) 2006, XPday.fr (Paris) 2007, XPday.fr (Paris) 2008,  will be play on ESSAP (Italy) 2008 and got accepted to have the workshop on Agile 2008 in Toronto, Xp2010